VIETNAM

The territory of present-day Vietnam was divided in three cultural zones: that of the Khmer in the south, of the Cham in the centre, and of the Viet in the north. The ancient kingdom of Champa in central Vietnam stretched from the present province of Quang Binh in the north to the province of Binh Thuan in the south. It presumably consisted of various loosely related principalities alternatingly taking primacy. Between the fifth and thirteenth century kings of the Champa kingdom founded Hindu temples in My Son, which is about 70 kilometres to the southwest of Da Nang. The most important Buddhist site is Dong Duong, c. 65 kilometres to the south of Da Nang (see map).

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Bibliography

* 'l'Art du Champa' par Albert Le Bonheur, in: l'Art de l'Asie du Sud-Est / Maud Girard-Geslan ... [et al.], pp. 251-307. - Paris: Citadelles & Mazenod, 1994. - (l'Art et les grandes civilisations 24).
* Cham ruins : journey in search of an ancient civilization / Tran Ky Phuong. - Hanoi : Gioi, 1993.
* 'Les monuments du cirque de Mi-son' par Henri Parmentier, in: Bulletin de l'Ecole française d'Extrême-Orient 4 (1904): 805-896.
* l'Art du Champa (ancient Annam) et son évolution / Philippe Stern. - Toulouse : Douladoure, 1942.
* La statuaire du Champa: recherches sur les cultes et l'ico- nographie / Jean Boisselier. - Paris : EFEO, 1963.
* Cham sculpture album / Cao Xuan Pho. - Hanoi : Social Scien- ces Publishing House, 1988.